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Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (; 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was a French politician and the founder of mutualist philosophy. He was the first person to declare himself an anarchist〔John M. Merriman, ''The Dynamite Club'' (2009), p. 42〕 and is widely regarded as one of the ideology's most influential theorists. Proudhon is even considered by many to be the "father of anarchism".〔Daniel Guerin, ''Anarchism: From Theory to Practice'' (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970).〕 He became a member of the French Parliament after the revolution of 1848, whereafter he referred to himself as a federalist.〔Binkley, Robert C. Realism and Nationalism 1852–1871. Read Books. p. 118〕
Proudhon, who was born in Besançon, was a printer who taught himself Latin in order to better print books in the language. His best-known assertion is that ''Property is Theft!'', contained in his first major work, ''What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and Government'' (''Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement''), published in 1840. The book's publication attracted the attention of the French authorities. It also attracted the scrutiny of Karl Marx, who started a correspondence with its author. The two influenced each other: they met in Paris while Marx was exiled there. Their friendship finally ended when Marx responded to Proudhon's ''The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty'' with the provocatively titled ''The Poverty of Philosophy''. The dispute became one of the sources of the split between the anarchist and Marxist wings of the International Working Men's Association. Some, such as Edmund Wilson, have contended that Marx's attack on Proudhon had its origin in the latter's defense of Karl Grün, whom Marx bitterly disliked, but who had been preparing translations of Proudhon's work.
Proudhon favored workers' associations or co-operatives, as well as individual worker/peasant possession, over private ownership or the nationalization of land and workplaces. He considered social revolution to be achievable in a peaceful manner. In ''The Confessions of a Revolutionary'' Proudhon asserted that, ''Anarchy is Order Without Power'', the phrase which much later inspired, in the view of some, the anarchist ''circled-A'' symbol, today "one of the most common graffiti on the urban landscape."〔Marshall, Peter. Demanding the Impossible. Fontana, London. 1993. p. 558〕 He unsuccessfully tried to create a national bank, to be funded by what became an abortive attempt at an income tax on capitalists and shareholders. Similar in some respects to a credit union, it would have given interest-free loans.〔Martin, Henri, & Alger, Abby Langdon. A Popular History of France from the First Revolution to the Present Time. D. Estes and C.E. Lauria. p. 189〕
==Biography==
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